增支部7集68經/知法者經(莊春江譯)[AA.39.1, MA.1]
「
比丘們!具備
七法的比丘是應該被奉獻者……(中略)世間的無上
福田。哪七個?比丘們,這裡,比丘是知法者、知義者、知自己者、
知量者、知適時者、知群眾者、知人的勝劣者。
比丘們!而怎樣比丘是知法者?比丘們!這裡,比丘知道法:修多羅、祇夜、記說、伽陀、優陀那、如是語、本生、未曾有法、
毘富羅。比丘們!如果比丘不知道法:修多羅、祇夜……(中略)未曾有法、毘富羅,在這裡,不應該被稱為『知法者』。比丘們!但因為比丘知道法:修多羅、祇夜……(中略)未曾有法、毘富羅,因此,應該被稱為『知法者』。像這樣是知法者。
比丘們!而怎樣是知義者?比丘們!這裡,比丘知道就一一那個所說的義理:『這是這個所說的義理,這是這個所說的義理。』比丘們!如果比丘不知道就一一那個所說的義理:『這是這個所說的義理,這是這個所說的義理。』在這裡,不應該被稱為『知義者』。比丘們!但因為比丘知道就一一那個所說的義理:『這是這個所說的義理,這是這個所說的義理。』因此,應該被稱為『知義者』。像這樣是知法者、知義者。
比丘們!而怎樣是知自己者?比丘們!這裡,比丘知道自己:『以信、以戒、以聞、以施、以慧、以辯才我有這麼多。』比丘們!如果比丘不知道自己:『以信、以戒、以聞、以施、以慧、以辯才我有這麼多。』在這裡,不應該被稱為『知自己者』。比丘們!但因為比丘知道自己:『以信、以戒、以聞、以施、以慧、以辯才我有這麼多。』因此,應該被稱為『知自己者』。像這樣是知法者、知義者、知自己者。
比丘們!而怎樣是知量者?比丘們!這裡,比丘知道衣服、
施食、臥坐處、病人需物、醫藥必需品領受的量。比丘們!如果比丘不知道衣服、施食、臥坐處、病人需物、醫藥必需品領受的量,在這裡,不應該被稱為『知量者』。比丘們!但因為比丘知道衣服、施食、臥坐處、病人需物、醫藥必需品領受的量,因此,應該被稱為『知量者』。像這樣是知法者、知義者、知自己者、知量者。
比丘們!而怎樣是知時機者?比丘們!這裡,比丘知道時機:『
這是說示的時機,這是遍詢問的時機,這是努力的時機,這是
獨坐的時機。』比丘們!如果比丘不知道時機:『這是說示的時機,這是遍詢問的時機,這是努力的時機,這是獨坐的時機。』在這裡,不應該被稱為『知時機者』。比丘們!但因為比丘知道時機:『這是說示的時機,這是遍詢問的時機,這是努力的時機,這是獨坐的時機。』因此,應該被稱為『知時機者』。像這樣是知法者、知義者、知自己者、知量者、知適時者。
比丘們!而怎樣是知眾者?比丘們!這裡,比丘知道眾(群眾):『這是
剎帝利眾,這是
婆羅門眾,這是
屋主眾,這是
沙門眾。在那裡,應該這麼被往見,應該這麼被停留,應該這麼被做,應該這麼被坐下,應該這麼被說,應該這麼被保持(成為)沈默。』比丘們!如果比丘不知道眾:『這是剎帝利眾……(中略)應該這麼靜默。』在這裡,不應該被稱為『知眾者』。比丘們!但因為比丘知道眾:『這是剎帝利眾,這是婆羅門眾,這是屋主眾,這是沙門眾。在那裡,應該這麼被往見,應該這麼被停留,應該這麼被做,應該這麼被坐下,應該這麼被說,應該這麼被保持沈默。』因此,應該被稱為『知眾者』。像這樣是知法者、知義者、知自己者、知量者、知適時者、知群眾者。
比丘們!而怎樣是知人的勝劣者?比丘們!這裡,人們以二種被比丘知道:有二種人:一者是想要見諸聖者(諸聖者的想要看見者),一者是不想要見諸聖者。凡這人不想要見諸聖者,這樣,他以那個理由應該被呵責;凡這人想要見諸聖者,這樣,他以那個理由應被讚賞。
二種人想要見諸聖者:一者是想要聽聞正法,一者是不想要聽聞正法。凡這人不想要聽聞正法,這樣,他以那個理由應該被呵責;凡這人想要聽聞正法,這樣,他以那個理由應被讚賞。
二種人想要聽聞正法:一者傾耳聽法,一者不傾耳聽法。凡這人不傾耳聽法,這樣,他以那個理由應該被呵責;凡這人傾耳聽法,這樣,他以那個理由應被讚賞。
二種人傾耳聽法:一者聽聞法後憶持,一者聽聞法後不憶持。凡這人聽聞法後不憶持,這樣,他以那個理由應該被呵責;凡這人聽聞法後憶持,這樣,他以那個理由應被讚賞。
二種人聽聞法後憶持:一者考察所憶持諸法的義理,一者不考察所憶持諸法的義理。凡這人不考察所憶持諸法的義理,這樣,他以那個理由應該被呵責;凡這人考察所憶持諸法的義理,這樣,他以那個理由應被讚賞。
二種人考察所憶持諸法的義理:一者了知義理、了知法後,是
法、隨法行者,一者了知義理、了知法後,不是法、隨法行者。凡這人了知義理、了知法後,不是法、隨法行者,這樣,他以那個理由應該被呵責;凡這人了知義理、了知法後,是法、隨法行者,這樣,他以那個理由應被讚賞。
二種人了知義理、了知法後,是法、隨法行者:一者是為自己利益非為他人利益的行者,一者是為自己利益與為他人利益的行者。凡這人是為自己利益非為他人利益的行者,這樣,他以那個理由應該被呵責;凡這人是為自己利益與為他人利益的行者,這樣,他以那個理由應被讚賞。比丘們!這樣,人們以二種被比丘知道。比丘們!這樣,比丘是知人的勝劣者。比丘們!具備這七法的比丘是應該被奉獻者、應該被供奉的……(中略)世間的無上福田。」
AN.7.68/ 4. Dhammaññūsuttaṃ
68. “Sattahi, bhikkhave, dhammehi samannāgato bhikkhu āhuneyyo hoti …pe… anuttaraṃ puññakkhettaṃ lokassa. Katamehi sattahi? Idha, bhikkhave, bhikkhu dhammaññū ca hoti atthaññū ca attaññū ca mattaññū ca kālaññū ca parisaññū ca puggalaparoparaññū ca.
“Kathañca, bhikkhave, bhikkhu dhammaññū hoti? Idha, bhikkhave, bhikkhu dhammaṃ jānāti– suttaṃ geyyaṃ veyyākaraṇaṃ gāthaṃ udānaṃ itivuttakaṃ jātakaṃ abbhutadhammaṃ vedallaṃ. No ce, bhikkhave, bhikkhu dhammaṃ jāneyya– suttaṃ geyyaṃ …pe… abbhutadhammaṃ vedallaṃ, nayidha ‘dhammaññū’ti vucceyya. Yasmā ca kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhu dhammaṃ jānāti– suttaṃ geyyaṃ …pe… abbhutadhammaṃ vedallaṃ, tasmā ‘dhammaññū’ti vuccati. Iti dhammaññū.
“Atthaññū ca kathaṃ hoti? Idha, bhikkhave, bhikkhu tassa tasseva bhāsitassa atthaṃ jānāti– ‘ayaṃ imassa bhāsitassa attho, ayaṃ imassa bhāsitassa attho’ti. No ce, bhikkhave, bhikkhu tassa tasseva bhāsitassa atthaṃ jāneyya– ‘ayaṃ imassa bhāsitassa attho, ayaṃ imassa bhāsitassa attho’ti, nayidha ‘atthaññū’ti vucceyya. Yasmā ca kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhu tassa tasseva bhāsitassa atthaṃ jānāti– ‘ayaṃ imassa bhāsitassa attho, ayaṃ imassa bhāsitassa attho’ti, tasmā ‘atthaññū’ti vuccati. Iti dhammaññū, atthaññū.
“Attaññū ca kathaṃ hoti? Idha, bhikkhave, bhikkhu attānaṃ jānāti– ‘ettakomhi saddhāya sīlena sutena cāgena paññāya paṭibhānenā’ti. No ce, bhikkhave, bhikkhu attānaṃ jāneyya– ‘ettakomhi saddhāya sīlena sutena cāgena paññāya paṭibhānenā’ti, nayidha ‘attaññū’ti vucceyya. Yasmā ca, bhikkhave bhikkhu attānaṃ jānāti– ‘ettakomhi saddhāya sīlena sutena cāgena paññāya paṭibhānenā’ti, tasmā ‘attaññū’ti vuccati. Iti dhammaññū, atthaññū, attaññū.
“Mattaññū ca kathaṃ hoti? Idha, bhikkhave, bhikkhu mattaṃ jānāti cīvarapiṇḍapātasenāsanagilānappaccayabhesajjaparikkhārānaṃ paṭiggahaṇāya. No ce, bhikkhave, bhikkhu mattaṃ jāneyya cīvarapiṇḍapātasenāsanagilānappaccayabhesajjaparikkhārānaṃ paṭiggahaṇāya, nayidha ‘mattaññū’ti vucceyya. Yasmā ca kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhu mattaṃ jānāti cīvarapiṇḍapātasenāsanagilānappaccayabhesajjaparikkhārānaṃ paṭiggahaṇāya, tasmā ‘mattaññū’ti vuccati. Iti dhammaññū, atthaññū, attaññū, mattaññū.
“Kālaññū ca kathaṃ hoti? Idha, bhikkhave, bhikkhu, kālaṃ jānāti– ‘ayaṃ kālo uddesassa, ayaṃ kālo paripucchāya, ayaṃ kālo yogassa, ayaṃ kālo paṭisallānassā’ti. No ce, bhikkhave, bhikkhu kālaṃ jāneyya– ‘ayaṃ kālo uddesassa, ayaṃ kālo paripucchāya, ayaṃ kālo yogassa, ayaṃ kālo paṭisallānassā’ti, nayidha ‘kālaññū’ti vucceyya. Yasmā ca kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhu kālaṃ jānāti– ‘ayaṃ kālo uddesassa, ayaṃ kālo paripucchāya, ayaṃ kālo yogassa, ayaṃ kālo paṭisallānassā’ti, tasmā ‘kālaññū’ti vuccati. Iti dhammaññū, atthaññū, attaññū, mattaññū, kālaññū.
“Parisaññū ca kathaṃ hoti? Idha, bhikkhave, bhikkhu parisaṃ jānāti– ‘ayaṃ khattiyaparisā, ayaṃ brāhmaṇaparisā, ayaṃ gahapatiparisā, ayaṃ samaṇaparisā. Tattha evaṃ upasaṅkamitabbaṃ, evaṃ ṭhātabbaṃ evaṃ kattabbaṃ, evaṃ nisīditabbaṃ, evaṃ bhāsitabbaṃ, evaṃ tuṇhī bhavitabban’ti. No ce, bhikkhave, bhikkhu parisaṃ jāneyya– ‘ayaṃ khattiyaparisā …pe… evaṃ tuṇhī bhavitabban’ti, nayidha ‘parisaññū’ti vucceyya. Yasmā ca kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhu parisaṃ jānāti– ‘ayaṃ khattiyaparisā, ayaṃ brāhmaṇaparisā, ayaṃ gahapatiparisā, ayaṃ samaṇaparisā Tattha evaṃ upasaṅkamitabbaṃ, evaṃ ṭhātabbaṃ, evaṃ kattabbaṃ, evaṃ nisīditabbaṃ, evaṃ bhāsitabbaṃ, evaṃ tuṇhī bhavitabban’ti, tasmā ‘parisaññū’ti vuccati. Iti dhammaññū, atthaññū, attaññū, mattaññū, kālaññū, parisaññū.
“Puggalaparoparaññū ca kathaṃ hoti? Idha, bhikkhave, bhikkhuno dvayena puggalā viditā honti. Dve puggalā– eko ariyānaṃ dassanakāmo, eko ariyānaṃ na dassanakāmo. Yvāyaṃ puggalo ariyānaṃ na dassanakāmo evaṃ so tenaṅgena gārayho. Yvāyaṃ puggalo ariyānaṃ dassanakāmo, evaṃ so tenaṅgena pāsaṃso.
“Dve puggalā ariyānaṃ dassanakāmā– eko saddhammaṃ sotukāmo, eko saddhammaṃ na sotukāmo. Yvāyaṃ puggalo saddhammaṃ na sotukāmo, evaṃ so tenaṅgena gārayho. Yvāyaṃ puggalo saddhammaṃ sotukāmo, evaṃ so tenaṅgena pāsaṃso.
“Dve puggalā saddhammaṃ sotukāmā– eko ohitasoto dhammaṃ suṇāti, eko anohitasoto dhammaṃ suṇāti. Yvāyaṃ puggalo anohitasoto dhammaṃ suṇāti, evaṃ so tenaṅgena gārayho. Yvāyaṃ puggalo ohitasoto dhammaṃ suṇāti, evaṃ so tenaṅgena pāsaṃso.
“Dve puggalā ohitasotā dhammaṃ suṇanti – eko sutvā dhammaṃ dhāreti, eko sutvā dhammaṃ na dhāreti. Yvāyaṃ puggalo sutvā na dhammaṃ dhāreti, evaṃ so tenaṅgena gārayho. Yvāyaṃ puggalo sutvā dhammaṃ dhāreti, evaṃ so tenaṅgena pāsaṃso.
“Dve puggalā sutvā dhammaṃ dhārenti – eko dhātānaṃ dhammānaṃ atthaṃ upaparikkhati, eko dhātānaṃ dhammānaṃ atthaṃ na upaparikkhati. Yvāyaṃ puggalo dhātānaṃ dhammānaṃ atthaṃ na upaparikkhati, evaṃ so tenaṅgena gārayho. Yvāyaṃ puggalo dhātānaṃ dhammānaṃ atthaṃ upaparikkhati, evaṃ so tenaṅgena pāsaṃso.
“Dve puggalā dhātānaṃ dhammānaṃ atthaṃ upaparikkhanti – eko atthamaññāya dhammamaññāya dhammānudhammappaṭipanno, eko atthamaññāya dhammamaññāya na dhammānudhammappaṭipanno. Yvāyaṃ puggalo atthamaññāya dhammamaññāya na dhammānudhammappaṭipanno, evaṃ so tenaṅgena gārayho. Yvāyaṃ puggalo atthamaññāya dhammamaññāya dhammānudhammappaṭipanno, evaṃ so tenaṅgena pāsaṃso.
“Dve puggalā atthamaññāya dhammamaññāya dhammānudhammappaṭipannā – eko attahitāya paṭipanno no parahitāya, eko attahitāya ca paṭipanno parahitāya ca. Yvāyaṃ puggalo attahitāya paṭipanno no parahitāya, evaṃ so tenaṅgena gārayho. Yvāyaṃ puggalo atthahitāya ca paṭipanno parahitāya ca, evaṃ so tenaṅgena pāsaṃso. Evaṃ kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhuno dvayena puggalā viditā honti. Evaṃ, bhikkhave, bhikkhu puggalaparoparaññū hoti. “Imehi kho, bhikkhave, sattahi dhammehi samannāgato bhikkhu āhuneyyo hoti pāhuneyyo …pe… anuttaraṃ puññakkhettaṃ lokassā”ti. Catutthaṃ.