增支部7集68經/知法者經(莊春江譯)
「
比丘們!具備
七法的比丘應該被奉獻……(中略)為世間的無上
福田。哪七個?比丘們,這裡,比丘是知法者、知義者、知自己者、
知量者、知時機者、知眾者、知人之勝劣者。
比丘們!而怎樣比丘是知法者?比丘們!這裡,比丘知道法:修多羅、祇夜、記說、伽陀、優陀那、如是語、本生、未曾有法、
毘富羅。比丘們!如果比丘不知道法:修多羅、祇夜……(中略)未曾有法、毘富羅,在這裡,他不應該被稱為『知法者』。比丘們!但因為比丘知道法:修多羅、祇夜……(中略)未曾有法、毘富羅,因此,他應該被稱為『知法者』。像這樣,他是知法者。
比丘們!而怎樣比丘是知義者?比丘們!這裡,比丘知道這樣、那樣說的義理:『這是這樣說的義理,這是那樣說的義理。』比丘們!如果比丘不知道這樣、那樣說的義理:『這是這樣說的義理,這是那樣說的義理。』在這裡,他不應該被稱為『知義者』。比丘們!但因為比丘知道這樣、那樣說的義理:『這是這樣說的義理,這是那樣說的義理。』因此,他應該被稱為『知義者』。像這樣,他是知法者、知義者。
比丘們!而怎樣比丘是知自己者?比丘們!這裡,比丘知道自己:『我有這麼多信、戒、聞、施、慧、辯才。』比丘們!如果比丘不知道自己:『我有這麼多信、戒、聞、施、慧、辯才。』在這裡,他不應該被稱為『知自己者』。比丘們!但因為比丘知道自己:『我有這麼多信、戒、聞、施、慧、辯才。』因此,他應該被稱為『知自己者』。像這樣,他是知法者、知義者、知自己者。
比丘們!而怎樣比丘是知量者?比丘們!這裡,比丘知道對衣服、
施食、住處、病人需要物、醫藥必需品的領受者量。比丘們!如果比丘不知道對衣服、施食、住處、病人需要物、醫藥必需品的領受者量,在這裡,他不應該被稱為『知量者』。比丘們!但因為比丘知道對衣服、施食、住處、病人需要物、醫藥必需品的領受者量,因此,他應該被稱為『知量者』。像這樣,他是知法者、知義者、知自己者、知量者。
比丘們!而怎樣比丘是知時機者?比丘們!這裡,比丘知道時機:『
這是學習的時機,這是遍問的時機,這是努力的時機,這是
獨坐的時機。』比丘們!如果比丘不知道時機:『這是學習的時機,這是遍問的時機,這是努力的時機,這是獨坐的時機。』在這裡,他不應該被稱為『知時機者』。比丘們!但因為比丘知道時機:『這是學習的時機,這是遍問的時機,這是努力的時機,這是獨坐的時機。』因此,他應該被稱為『知時機者』。像這樣,他是知法者、知義者、知自己者、知量者、知時機者。
比丘們!而怎樣比丘是知眾者?比丘們!這裡,比丘知道眾:『這是
剎帝利眾,這是
婆羅門眾,這是
屋主眾,這是
沙門眾。在那裡,應該這麼往見,應該這麼住止,應該這麼行動,應該這麼坐,應該說這個,應該這麼靜默。』比丘們!如果比丘不知道眾:『這是剎帝利眾……(中略)應該這麼靜默。』在這裡,他不應該被稱為『知眾者』。比丘們!但因為比丘知道眾:『這是剎帝利眾,這是婆羅門眾,這是屋主眾,這是沙門眾。在那裡,應該這麼往見,應該這麼住止,應該這麼行動,應該這麼坐,應該說這個,應該這麼靜默。』因此,他應該被稱為『知眾者』。像這樣,他是知法者、知義者、知自己者、知量者、知時機者、知眾者。
比丘們!而怎樣比丘是知人之勝劣者?比丘們!這裡,比丘以成一對知人:
有二[類]人:一者、想要見諸聖者,一者、不想要見諸聖者。凡這位不想要見諸聖者的人,這樣,他以那個理由應該被呵責;凡這位想要見聖者的人,這樣,他以那個理由應被讚賞。
有二[類]想要見諸聖者的人:一者、想要聽聞正法者,一者、不想要聽聞正法者。凡這位不想要聽聞正法的人,這樣,他以那個理由應該被呵責;凡這位想要聽聞正法的人,這樣,他以那個理由應被讚賞。
有二[類]想要聽聞正法之人:一者、傾耳聽法,一者、不傾耳聽法。凡這位不傾耳聽法的人,這樣,他以那個理由應該被呵責;凡這位傾耳聽法的人,這樣,他以那個理由應被讚賞。
有二[類]傾耳聽法之人:一者、聽聞法後記住,一者、聽聞法後不記住。凡這位聽聞法後不記住的人,這樣,他以那個理由應該被呵責;凡這位聽聞法後記住的人,這樣,他以那個理由應被讚賞。
有二[類]聽聞法後記住之人:一者、對記住的法審察義理,一者、對記住的法不審察義理。凡這位對記住的法不審察義理的人,這樣,他以那個理由應該被呵責;凡這位對記住的法審察義理的人,這樣,他以那個理由應被讚賞。
有二[類]對記住的法審察義理之人:一者、了知義理、了知法後,
法、隨法行,一者、了知義理、了知法後,不法、隨法行。凡這位了知義理、了知法後,不法、隨法行的人,這樣,他以那個理由應該被呵責;凡這位了知義理、了知法後,法、隨法行的人,這樣,他以那個理由應被讚賞。
有二[類]了知義理、了知法後,法、隨法行之人:一者、行自己的利益,非他人的利益,一者、行自己的利益與他人的利益。凡這位行自己的利益,非他人的利益的人,這樣,他以那個理由應該被呵責;凡這位行自己的利益與他人的利益的人,這樣,他以那個理由應被讚賞。
比丘們!這樣,比丘以成一對[的方式]知人。比丘們!這樣,比丘是知人之勝劣者。
比丘們!具備這七法的比丘應該被奉獻、應該被供奉……(中略)為世間的無上福田。」
AN.7.68/ 4. Dhammaññūsuttaṃ
68. “Sattahi, bhikkhave, dhammehi samannāgato bhikkhu āhuneyyo hoti …pe… anuttaraṃ puññakkhettaṃ lokassa. Katamehi sattahi? Idha, bhikkhave, bhikkhu dhammaññū ca hoti atthaññū ca attaññū ca mattaññū ca kālaññū ca parisaññū ca puggalaparoparaññū ca.
“Kathañca, bhikkhave, bhikkhu dhammaññū hoti? Idha, bhikkhave, bhikkhu dhammaṃ jānāti– suttaṃ geyyaṃ veyyākaraṇaṃ gāthaṃ udānaṃ itivuttakaṃ jātakaṃ abbhutadhammaṃ vedallaṃ. No ce, bhikkhave, bhikkhu dhammaṃ jāneyya– suttaṃ geyyaṃ …pe… abbhutadhammaṃ vedallaṃ, nayidha ‘dhammaññū’ti vucceyya. Yasmā ca kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhu dhammaṃ jānāti– suttaṃ geyyaṃ …pe… abbhutadhammaṃ vedallaṃ, tasmā ‘dhammaññū’ti vuccati. Iti dhammaññū.
“Atthaññū ca kathaṃ hoti? Idha, bhikkhave, bhikkhu tassa tasseva bhāsitassa atthaṃ jānāti– ‘ayaṃ imassa bhāsitassa attho, ayaṃ imassa bhāsitassa attho’ti. No ce, bhikkhave, bhikkhu tassa tasseva bhāsitassa atthaṃ jāneyya– ‘ayaṃ imassa bhāsitassa attho, ayaṃ imassa bhāsitassa attho’ti, nayidha ‘atthaññū’ti vucceyya. Yasmā ca kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhu tassa tasseva bhāsitassa atthaṃ jānāti– ‘ayaṃ imassa bhāsitassa attho, ayaṃ imassa bhāsitassa attho’ti, tasmā ‘atthaññū’ti vuccati. Iti dhammaññū, atthaññū.
“Attaññū ca kathaṃ hoti? Idha, bhikkhave, bhikkhu attānaṃ jānāti– ‘ettakomhi saddhāya sīlena sutena cāgena paññāya paṭibhānenā’ti. No ce, bhikkhave, bhikkhu attānaṃ jāneyya– ‘ettakomhi saddhāya sīlena sutena cāgena paññāya paṭibhānenā’ti, nayidha ‘attaññū’ti vucceyya. Yasmā ca, bhikkhave bhikkhu attānaṃ jānāti– ‘ettakomhi saddhāya sīlena sutena cāgena paññāya paṭibhānenā’ti, tasmā ‘attaññū’ti vuccati. Iti dhammaññū, atthaññū, attaññū.
“Mattaññū ca kathaṃ hoti? Idha, bhikkhave, bhikkhu mattaṃ jānāti cīvarapiṇḍapātasenāsanagilānappaccayabhesajjaparikkhārānaṃ paṭiggahaṇāya. No ce, bhikkhave, bhikkhu mattaṃ jāneyya cīvarapiṇḍapātasenāsanagilānappaccayabhesajjaparikkhārānaṃ paṭiggahaṇāya, nayidha ‘mattaññū’ti vucceyya. Yasmā ca kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhu mattaṃ jānāti cīvarapiṇḍapātasenāsanagilānappaccayabhesajjaparikkhārānaṃ paṭiggahaṇāya, tasmā ‘mattaññū’ti vuccati. Iti dhammaññū, atthaññū, attaññū, mattaññū.
“Kālaññū ca kathaṃ hoti? Idha, bhikkhave, bhikkhu, kālaṃ jānāti– ‘ayaṃ kālo uddesassa, ayaṃ kālo paripucchāya, ayaṃ kālo yogassa, ayaṃ kālo paṭisallānassā’ti. No ce, bhikkhave, bhikkhu kālaṃ jāneyya– ‘ayaṃ kālo uddesassa, ayaṃ kālo paripucchāya, ayaṃ kālo yogassa, ayaṃ kālo paṭisallānassā’ti, nayidha ‘kālaññū’ti vucceyya. Yasmā ca kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhu kālaṃ jānāti– ‘ayaṃ kālo uddesassa, ayaṃ kālo paripucchāya, ayaṃ kālo yogassa, ayaṃ kālo paṭisallānassā’ti, tasmā ‘kālaññū’ti vuccati. Iti dhammaññū, atthaññū, attaññū, mattaññū, kālaññū.
“Parisaññū ca kathaṃ hoti? Idha, bhikkhave, bhikkhu parisaṃ jānāti– ‘ayaṃ khattiyaparisā, ayaṃ brāhmaṇaparisā, ayaṃ gahapatiparisā, ayaṃ samaṇaparisā. Tattha evaṃ upasaṅkamitabbaṃ, evaṃ ṭhātabbaṃ evaṃ kattabbaṃ, evaṃ nisīditabbaṃ, evaṃ bhāsitabbaṃ, evaṃ tuṇhī bhavitabban’ti. No ce, bhikkhave, bhikkhu parisaṃ jāneyya– ‘ayaṃ khattiyaparisā …pe… evaṃ tuṇhī bhavitabban’ti, nayidha ‘parisaññū’ti vucceyya. Yasmā ca kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhu parisaṃ jānāti– ‘ayaṃ khattiyaparisā, ayaṃ brāhmaṇaparisā, ayaṃ gahapatiparisā, ayaṃ samaṇaparisā Tattha evaṃ upasaṅkamitabbaṃ, evaṃ ṭhātabbaṃ, evaṃ kattabbaṃ, evaṃ nisīditabbaṃ, evaṃ bhāsitabbaṃ, evaṃ tuṇhī bhavitabban’ti, tasmā ‘parisaññū’ti vuccati. Iti dhammaññū, atthaññū, attaññū, mattaññū, kālaññū, parisaññū.
“Puggalaparoparaññū ca kathaṃ hoti? Idha, bhikkhave, bhikkhuno dvayena puggalā viditā honti. Dve puggalā– eko ariyānaṃ dassanakāmo, eko ariyānaṃ na dassanakāmo. Yvāyaṃ puggalo ariyānaṃ na dassanakāmo evaṃ so tenaṅgena gārayho. Yvāyaṃ puggalo ariyānaṃ dassanakāmo, evaṃ so tenaṅgena pāsaṃso.
“Dve puggalā ariyānaṃ dassanakāmā– eko saddhammaṃ sotukāmo, eko saddhammaṃ na sotukāmo. Yvāyaṃ puggalo saddhammaṃ na sotukāmo, evaṃ so tenaṅgena gārayho. Yvāyaṃ puggalo saddhammaṃ sotukāmo, evaṃ so tenaṅgena pāsaṃso.
“Dve puggalā saddhammaṃ sotukāmā– eko ohitasoto dhammaṃ suṇāti, eko anohitasoto dhammaṃ suṇāti. Yvāyaṃ puggalo anohitasoto dhammaṃ suṇāti, evaṃ so tenaṅgena gārayho. Yvāyaṃ puggalo ohitasoto dhammaṃ suṇāti, evaṃ so tenaṅgena pāsaṃso.
“Dve puggalā ohitasotā dhammaṃ suṇanti – eko sutvā dhammaṃ dhāreti, eko sutvā dhammaṃ na dhāreti. Yvāyaṃ puggalo sutvā na dhammaṃ dhāreti, evaṃ so tenaṅgena gārayho. Yvāyaṃ puggalo sutvā dhammaṃ dhāreti, evaṃ so tenaṅgena pāsaṃso.
“Dve puggalā sutvā dhammaṃ dhārenti – eko dhātānaṃ dhammānaṃ atthaṃ upaparikkhati, eko dhātānaṃ dhammānaṃ atthaṃ na upaparikkhati. Yvāyaṃ puggalo dhātānaṃ dhammānaṃ atthaṃ na upaparikkhati, evaṃ so tenaṅgena gārayho. Yvāyaṃ puggalo dhātānaṃ dhammānaṃ atthaṃ upaparikkhati, evaṃ so tenaṅgena pāsaṃso.
“Dve puggalā dhātānaṃ dhammānaṃ atthaṃ upaparikkhanti – eko atthamaññāya dhammamaññāya dhammānudhammappaṭipanno, eko atthamaññāya dhammamaññāya na dhammānudhammappaṭipanno. Yvāyaṃ puggalo atthamaññāya dhammamaññāya na dhammānudhammappaṭipanno, evaṃ so tenaṅgena gārayho. Yvāyaṃ puggalo atthamaññāya dhammamaññāya dhammānudhammappaṭipanno, evaṃ so tenaṅgena pāsaṃso.
“Dve puggalā atthamaññāya dhammamaññāya dhammānudhammappaṭipannā – eko attahitāya paṭipanno no parahitāya, eko attahitāya ca paṭipanno parahitāya ca. Yvāyaṃ puggalo attahitāya paṭipanno no parahitāya, evaṃ so tenaṅgena gārayho. Yvāyaṃ puggalo atthahitāya ca paṭipanno parahitāya ca, evaṃ so tenaṅgena pāsaṃso. Evaṃ kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhuno dvayena puggalā viditā honti. Evaṃ, bhikkhave, bhikkhu puggalaparoparaññū hoti. “Imehi kho, bhikkhave, sattahi dhammehi samannāgato bhikkhu āhuneyyo hoti pāhuneyyo …pe… anuttaraṃ puññakkhettaṃ lokassā”ti. Catutthaṃ.